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09 - A Structured Soft System Approach To Enterprise Development |
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Presenter |
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John Boarder, Cartref Consulting Systems
The Symposiums subtitle is:
Systems Engineering for the Third Millennium - Developing the Art and Science to face new challenges
Accordingly, it would seem Systems Engineering should be dualistic rather than holistic in its approach. Our tutorial Soft Systems Structures presents such an approach to enterprise development and systems engineering. The approach begins with the interests or concerns of stakeholders for their common enterprise, translates the stakeholders views into an expression of the state of the enterprise, facilitates stakeholder requirements for change and its support and culminates in a semiformal, management oriented, change programme. The affects of the change lead to new interests or concerns among stakeholders so that the approach is one of continuous improvement in the change management cycle.
The tutorial develops the approach using examples and a brief discussion of its formality. A context is set using General Systems Theory [Skyttner, 1996], Soft Systems Methodology [Checkland, 1981], Hierarchical Issue Method [Hitchins, 1992] and System Archetypes [Senge, 1995]. From this soft system context, the tutorial addresses Soft System Structures by answering and illustrating the following questions:
What is it?
Who is it for?
What does it do?
How does it work?
What does it use?
How well does it work?
Why do we need it? To ensure the interests or concerns of stakeholders are taken into account in the development
When do we need it? Whenever there are seemingly complex human factor issues that require a structured and ordered approach to their resolution
The tutorial has two overriding aims for enterprise development and systems engineering:
To describe Soft System Structures
To describe our approach to the use of Soft Systems Structures
At the end of the tutorial, with respect to our Soft System Structured approach to enterprise development and systems engineering, the participants will be able to provide first answers to the questions:
What is it?
Who is it for?
What does it do?
How does it work?
What does it use?
How well does it work?
Why do we need it?
When do we need it?
They will also have applied these questions to a small project of their own choosing.
The tutorial is of interest to engineers and managers looking for common, integrated, soft, approaches to stakeholder involvement in developing enterprise / system state, requirements capture and definition, resource organisation and planning, and change management. Participants should prepare for the tutorial by identifying a small enterprise or project with which they are currently familiar. This project should be of a non-personal nature and amenable to open discussion. Preparation should be attempt to answer the above questions in their project context.
At an introductory level, with respect to our Soft Systems Structured approach, participants will be able to:
Recognise the background to our enterprise development and systems engineering approach
Describe the generic Enterprise Development model
Unfold enterprise structures in terms of a dimensioned and layered, Supply Chain, Model of Enterprise
Recognise the distinction of Enterprise Development and Systems Engineering in context
Recognise the Principle of Duality in enterprise and system structures
Interpret the Essential Influence Diagram for enterprise development and system engineering
Process answers to the Standard Questionnaire for simple examples of Enterprise Development and System Engineering
Use introduced terminology to interpret the Interests or Concerns of stakeholders for change in their common enterprise
Develop concordances for classifications of Processes and Resources, their Characteristics and Properties from Stakeholder responses
Translate stakeholder wants and needs into a Language of structured influence statements
Interpret structured influence statements for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats to identify the state of the common enterprise
Recognise the Principle of Normality in selecting significant influences to be treated in the development programme
Define, organise and present the development programme as a management oriented Method Statement
The tutorial will take 3 hours, including a break for refreshments. It will be structured in 6, half hour sessions, but, by the nature of the subject, the exact duration of each session will be handled flexibly, softly even!
Introduction to Soft Structures and Approaches
The Model Enterprise
The Language of Structured Influences
Enterprise State, Requirements and Support
The Model Method Statement
Wash Up
John Boarder is an independent consultant for enterprise development and systems engineering. A Chartered Engineer of the BCS and member of the IEE, John is the sole owner of Cartref Consulting Systems and has contributed, under that affiliation to many systems engineering events. The prime function of Cartref Consulting Systems is a research based consultancy which means that we are concerned with exposing and resolving the underlying interests or concerns in enterprise development both practical and theoretical, but essentially practical. Outputs of the consultancy have been applied across a broad spectrum of applications. In this context, John has lectured and supervised research in Computer Science, Systems Engineering and Operations Management and lectured to certificate, diploma, degree and post graduate management students on Soft System Structures. A co-author to the IEE Draft Guide to the Practice of Systems Engineering, John is a past chairman of IEE Professional Group M5 (Systems Engineering) and a past member of the IEE Management Divisional Board.
The following references and bibliography provide specific and general background reading to the tutorial. More essential reading is shown in Bold
Ackoff, R.L., Practising a Profession; Systemist, Vol. 22, No.1, June 2000
Boarder, J.C., System Engineering and the Environment; in Proceedings of First International Conference on Environmental Engineering Education and Training; EEET96; p131,140. Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton April. 1996
Boarder, J.C., System(s) Engineering: Organisation versus Practice; in F.A.Stowell, D.W.Lot and J.Howell (eds) "Systems Science: Addressing Global Issues"; Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference of UK Systems Society; July 1995; Plenum, New York
Boarder, J.C., The System Engineering Process; IEEE Annual International Engineering Management Conference; Global Engineering Management: Emerging Trends in the Asia Pacific; IEEE Catalog No.95CH35737; pp293-298; Singapore, June 1995
Boardman, J.T., Systems Engineering: An Introduction; Prentice-Hall; 1990
Buckminster-Fuller, R., Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking: Synergetics, Macmillan, New York 1975
Checkland, P., Systems Thinking, Systems Practice; John Wiley, 1981
Dealtry, T.R., Dynamic SWOT Analysis: Developers Guide; ISBN 0 9523007 0 2; Dynamic SWOT Associates; 1992
Deitel, H.M., Operating Systems; 2nd Ed. Addison Wesley; 1990
Deming, W.Edwards, Out of the Crisis, MIT CAES, 1982
Hill, T., Westbrook, R.; SWOT Analysis: Its Time for a Product Recall; Long Range Planning, Vol.30, No. 1, pp 46-52; 1997
Hitchins, D.K., Boarder, J.C., P.D.R.Moore, P.D.R., IEE Draft Guide to the Practice of System Engineering: IEE Consultative Document; Aug.1992; Ref: SP024
Hitchins, D.K., Putting Systems to Work, John Wiley & Sons Chichester, 1992
Jenkins, G.M., The Systems Approach; Journal of Systems Engineering, 1, (1), pp 1-21 1969
Johnston, M. Enterprising Processes - The Future Strategy of Engineering Departments across Scottish Airports; MBA Thesis, University of Surrey; June 2000
Michellone,G., Zollo, G.; Competencies Management in Knowledge-Based Firms; Int. J. Manufacturing Technology and Management, Vol. 1, No.1, 2000; pp20-41
Peynaud, E., The Taste of Wine: the art and science of wine appreciation, John Wiley
Senge, P., Ross, R., Smith, B., Roberts, C., Kleiner, A.,The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook; Nicholas Brearley Publishing Limited; 1995
Senge, P., The Fifth Discipline, Century Business, 1990
Skyttner, L., General Systems Theory: An Introduction; Macmillan Press; 1996
Slack, N., Chambers, S., Harland, C., Harrison, A., Johnston, R.; Operations Management, ISBN 0 273 62688 4; 2nd Ed. Pitman Publishing; 1998
Woodcock, J., Loomes, M., Software Engineering Mathematics; Pitman, 1988
The tutorial, in its current form, developed from a Work Based Learning Programme to Certificate, Diploma and Masters level Business Studies students for the University of Surrey. The principles were successfully applied by students to work based projects in Airport Engineering and Property Business Development. Earlier forms of the material have been used in developing strategies for a wide range of subject areas including Professional Groups, Consultancy Practice, Child Care Services, Business Continuity Planning, Y2K Issues, Power Station Training.
The presenter will provide copies of slides, a list of definitions and short form notes in support of the presentation and discussion
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Last Updated: 31 March, 2001